ME 4133/6133 Mechanical Metallurgy
Student final projects created as part of coursework for ME 4133/6133 Mechanical Metallurgy with Dr. Matthew Priddy.
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4140 Steel
Jacob Braselton
December 2022
4140 steel is a high strength and tough steel used in many different applications, including oil and gas drill bits. In this application there is an additional requirement that further reduces the allowable amount of Sulfur in the material. This requirement was taken into account while developing a PSPP map for this material. Sulfur inclusions lead to reduced strength but increased ductility. In addition to the sulfur content, other process related variable are machining parameters, rolling parameters, treatment, and quenching methods. The structure section is comprised of grain size, grain boundaries, grain geometry, impurity dispersion, and dislocation density. The material properties include the surface integrity, wear resistance, strength, ductility, and hardness. All of these contribute the final performance of fatigue life, crack propagation, and first crack resistance.
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416 Stainless Steel for Rifle Barrels
Jaouhar Misbah and Nathan Pachel
December 2022
The barrel of a rifle is one of the critical components of a firearm in terms of performance. The accuracy of a rifle depends on how a barrel is designed, manufactured, and fitted to the rest of the weapon. Some characteristics that need to be considered in the product development are corrosion resistance, machinability, heat retention, wear resistance, and embrittlement. Depending on the customer and his expected operating conditions for the rifle, certain performance characteristics will be prioritized. 416 Stainless Steel is the common mate-rial used for manufacturing riffle barrels. Through this work, we will be using the PSPP map to have a more in-depth understanding of the interrelations between the different components of each stage.
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A "Deep Dive" on HY-80 Steel
Barrett Beightol, Justin Green, John Walter, and Bryce Addy
December 2022
This presentation and infographic supplement research on “HY-80” steel. HY-80 is a high yield strength, low carbon, low alloy steel developed chiefly for use in naval applications (high pressure and corrosion resistance). HY-80 was chosen due to the wide range of interesting applications and properties it boasts.
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AL-6XN and its Processing, Structure, Properties, and Performance
Charles T. Koski III, Matthew L. Sands, and Britton A. Tatum
December 2022
The material which was selected for our project is AL-6XN Stainless Steel. One of the benefits of this material is its resistance to corrosion. The chemical composition of AL-6XN makes it resistant to many acids and salt solutions, making it a very good selection for piping. Because AL-6XN is metallic, it does not require special equipment or techniques during installation like many common polymers such as PVDF, PTFE, TPE, or PVC, making it a cost effective substitute for those materials.
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Aluminum Alloy 6201
Haley Brisolara, Abigayle Mahand, and JT Pryor
December 2022
Al 6201 is frequently used in commercial industries such as marine, aircraft, and power. In the following sections, a detailed analysis of several features related to the processing, structure, properties, and performance of Al 6201 is conducted. Additionally, the relationships between these features are discussed. The first section covers the different processing techniques and specifications that are currently available for this material. Next, the structural characteristics that result from these processing methods are studied. The correlation between structural characteristics and properties of the final product are then examined. To conclude, a comparative analysis is performed to show how the resulting properties affect the performance of the material. From this analysis, conclusions are drawn to determine which processing methods produce the most desirable and the least desirable structures and associated properties for optimal performance of overhead conductors in power delivery systems.
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Chassis Manufacturing: Forged Steel AISI 4340 vs Aluminum Alloy 7076-T6
Marwa El Amrani and Ouidad Abourazzouk
December 2022
In a product design, the procedure of choosing materials is considered the most crucial step, as the reliability of the design depends entirely on the materials chosen after the process. Many factors contribute into the process of choosing the material that would fit for the specific use, and it all starts off by considering the materials that are commonly used for that purpose. After that, a comparison must be done between their mechanical, physical, and electrical properties, chemical composition as well as thermal properties. Another very important aspect to know is the microstructure and the morphology of the material. Because the Chassis is essentially the backbone of the internal combustion engine, it must meet a lot of strict conditions, it also endures a variation of loads from bending loads to torsional loads. Taking this into account the material used for it must have high endurance and many other crucial standards. In this research, the team members are expected to do a comparison between Forged Steel AISI 4340 properties, which is a type of alloyed steel and Aluminum Alloy 7076-T6 properties, so that by the end of this paper, the best material that would make a Chassis must be chosen, and a PSPP map must be made for it.
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Effect of Strain Rate on Hardness in Metals
Hamza Es-Sahli
December 2022
In this literature review, the use of hardness testing to characterize the dynamic plasticity response of materials have been investigated. The typical strain rate and temperature response of metals and ceramics have been discussed. A review of commonly available hardness testing methods and their appropriate use cases in accordance with related standards have been completed, and the use of some testing methods on the high strain rate characterization of materials have been done. It was found that the common relation of holds true for dynamic hardness values as well as for static hardness values. Using this relationship, the dynamic plasticity response of materials can be properly mapped at different strain values. Additionally, a model which utilizes temperature and work hardening responses of metals is presented and was shown to agree well with observed experimental results. The materials that have been used for the testing are the 316 stainless steel, 2024 Al. And it has been found that 316 stainless steel is more sensitive to strain rate than 2024 Al, and thus the plastic zones change will be different.
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Examining the Process-Structure-Property-Performance Relationship of the Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V
Mary Mederos and Amy Holdegraver
December 2022
Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) is the most commonly used titanium alloy in many aerospace, marine, automotive, energy, chemical, biomedical, and sporting equipment industries. The α-β phase microstructure of Ti64 creates a combination of uniquely attractive mechanical properties commonly desired in engineering design. These properties include high strength, low density, high, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity. This material study focuses on an organized collection of the characteristics that make up the material system of Ti64 into a process-structure-property-performance (PSPP) map.
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High Carbon Steel in Additive Manufacturing
Chidi Agusiegbe, Devin Morton, and Emmanuel Moore
December 2022
Infographic demonstrating the composition, and use of high carbon steels as well as the process of the material in additive manufacturing.
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High Carbon Steel in Additive Manufacturing
Emmanuel Moore II, Devin Morton, and Chid Agusiegbe
December 2022
The first known use of carbon steel dates back to 500 A.D. when a blacksmith mistakenly used iron ore as a primary material for smithing. This material, as the name suggests, is made up of both carbon and iron. This material, as one of the most abundant at the time, was used most frequently in European and Asian countries. “Carbon steel first appeared around the year 500 AD in Damascus steel swords as well as Japanese swords. They were prized for their sharp edges and sturdiness compared to other weapons of the era. The composition of these swords was very similar to modern carbon steel, yet superior in several mysterious ways” (Forged Components 2022).
Carbon steels are classified into four categories based on the iron/carbon ratio. Low-carbon steels consist of less than .30%, medium-carbon steels consist of carbon from a range of .30% - .60%, while high and ultra-high-carbon steels have a carbon content of .6% or 1.50% respectively (Figure 1). “Generally, carbon is the most important commercial steel alloy. Increasing carbon content increases hardness and strength and improves hardenability. But carbon also increases brittleness and reduces weldability because of its tendency to form martensite” (Capudean 2003).
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High-Carbon Steel in Additive Manufacturing
Chidi N. Agusiegbe, Devin Morton, and Emmanuel Moore
December 2022
High-carbon steel can be processed through numerous methods. The method that will be focused on primarily is processing high-carbon steel through means of additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is the industrial production name for 3D printing, a computer-controlled process that creates three-dimensional objects by depositing materials, usually in layers. AM methods like wire laser additive manufacturing (WLAM) and electron beam melting (EBM) are all common methods for fabricating high carbon steel. The perks associated with these methods are that they improve some drawbacks of the natural properties of high-carbon steel. This paper discusses the uses of these additive manufacturing methods along with other methods used in the processing of high-carbon steel, how properties (i.e., microstructure, grain size, etc.) are affected, and the capabilities of the material.
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Integration of Hadfield Steel into Modern Body Armor
Jason T. Fridlund
December 2022
The increased lethality of recently fielded projectiles mandates a proportional escalation in armor performance. Recent advancements in ceramic technologies have allowed designers to incorporate harder but more brittle materials into hard armor designs to defeat yet more capable penetrating projectiles. Ceramics suffer from the feature of shattering, however, even when impacted by threats below their design parameters. While this shattering mechanism is used effectively to dissipate energy from high-energy rifle projectiles, it is wasted on low-energy projectiles, and can result in easily damaged lifesaving gear, both of which are undesirable in combat. In contrast, steel body armor has been used in warfare for at least the past millennium. Its strengths, weaknesses, and unique characteristics are well-understood. Despite this, the advent of lightweight and hard ceramics has relegated steel armor to use in heavy machinery, ships, and tanks. By analyzing the processing, structure, properties, and performance characteristics of Hadfield/Manganese steel alloys, particularly those pre-hardened to maximum hardness, hybrid ceramic-steel-fiber composite systems may not only maintain or improve upon the performance of modern technical ceramic plates but may also improve upon the handling toughness and service lives of the plates. This analysis offers a Process-Structure-Properties-Performance (PSPP) map of Hadfield steel with respect to raw materials, manufacturing, material properties, and resulting armor performance.
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Integration of Hadfield Steel into Modern Body Armor
Jason T. Fridlund
December 2022
The increased lethality of recently fielded projectiles mandates a proportional escalation in armor performance. Recent advancements in ceramic technologies have allowed designers to incorporate harder but more brittle materials into hard armor designs to defeat yet more capable penetrating projectiles. Ceramics suffer from the feature of shattering, however, even when impacted by threats below their design parameters. While this shattering mechanism is used effectively to dissipate energy from high-energy rifle projectiles, it is wasted on low-energy projectiles, and can result in easily damaged lifesaving gear, both of which are undesirable in combat. In contrast, steel body armor has been used in warfare for at least the past millennium. Its strengths, weaknesses, and unique characteristics are well-understood. Despite this, the advent of lightweight and hard ceramics has relegated steel armor to use in heavy machinery, ships, and tanks. By analyzing the processing, structure, properties, and performance characteristics of Hadfield/Manganese steel alloys, particularly those pre-hardened to maximum hardness, hybrid ceramic-steel-fiber composite systems may not only maintain or improve upon the performance of modern technical ceramic plates but may also improve upon the handling toughness and service lives of the plates. This analysis offers a Process-Structure-Properties-Performance (PSPP) map of Hadfield steel with respect to raw materials, manufacturing, material properties, and resulting armor performance.
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Platinum-Iridium Alloys in Jewelry
Nathen C. Christa, Seth Walker, and Dylan Hallman
December 2022
One of the most widely used metals on the periodic table is Platinum (Pt). The name is derived from the Spanish Platina, meaning “silver.” This malleable, ductile material is widely used in applications due to its unique chemical properties. A couple of these unique properties include a high melting point and good resistance to corrosion or chemical attack. Platinum materials have alloys that are indispensable in the chemical laboratory for electrodes. This allows for material applications in crucibles and dishes to withstand elevated temperatures. Platinum is used primarily in catalytic converters in vehicles converting emissions from the vehicle’s engine into carbon dioxide and water vapor. White gold is a gold-platinum alloy that is used in the making of jewelry and dentistry. Other applications include computer hard disks, thermocouples, LCDs, turbine blades, spark plugs, dental fillings, etc. In the research, Pt950/Ir 50 will be the specific alloy discussed throughout. Platinum-Iridium (Pt950/Ir 50) is known as the chosen alloy in the manufacturing of jewelry for its soft and fragile gem setting. We chose Platinum 950/Iridium 50 as our metal. It is a platinum alloy used in jewelry applications that is composed of 95% Platinum and 5% Iridium. Iridium is added to elements to increase several material properties such as hardness or chemical/heat resistance. This alloy is usually manufactured or cold rolled to produce jewelry. This motivated our group to dive deeper into the understanding of microstructures within this alloy.
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PSPP Map for Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking on 304 Stainless Steel
Mike Bodden Connor and Ian Gonzales
December 2022
This paper describes the Process-Structure-Property-Performance (PSPP) map of Chloride stress corrosion cracking (CLSCC) on 304 SS. Applications in the oil and gas industry are exposed to chloride from naturally occurring sources, like raw water (lake), cooling tower water, salt water, etc. High concentrations of chlorides (more than 50ppm) and elevated temperatures (>60 °C) can exacerbate the effect of active loads on a 304 SS member by reagent attack on stress concentrations to induce stress-corrosion-cracking (SCC)". Even though there is much information regarding this process, the industry still has failures, primarily because chlorides appear when they are not anticipated or accounted for, which can result in catastrophic, and financial failures.
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PSPP of Al 3003
Chase M. LaRue and Samuel Flurry
December 2022
Aluminum 3003 is the most common form of Aluminum and has created a large impact on the daily lives of many humans around the world. Aluminum 3003’s impact is notable for its day to day uses: frequently being found in the kitchen appliances, structural material, and being a containment / storage material though the alloy’s most frequently used in spoons, forks, knives, ladles, and other common utensils. The PSPP map focused on Al 3003 to better understand its easy machining process, cheap value to make, high resistance to corrosion, and relative toughness for everyday use, malleability, and its versatility.
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SAE 8620 - PSPP Map
John F. Mitchener
December 2022
This videos looks at the Processing-Structure-Property-Performance (PSPP) Map for SAE 8620 alloy steel, with an emphasis on its current industrial use cases which have driven research in applications such as tapered roller bearings. This PSPP map allows researchers and material scientists to better understand the processes that drive the microstructures, material properties, and ultimate performance. The PSPP map includes the process that are used to create the material, the microstructures that are a result of these process, the material properties that are driven by the microstructures, and finally the performance of the material in a real-world application. This map is created through the compilation of a thorough literature review that examines the mechanisms for particular applications, along with research into different heat treatment processes to get desired material properties.
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SAE 8620 PSPP Map - Infographic
John F. Mitchener
December 2022
This infographic summarizes a Processing-Structure-Property-Performance (PSPP) Map for SAE 8620 alloy steel, with an emphasis on the gas carburization process. This PSPP map allows researchers and material scientists to better understand the processes that drive the microstructures, material properties, and ultimate performance parameters.
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ShapeCold Spray Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloy 6061 – A Process-Structure-Property-Performance Review
John T. Kemp and Ryan Cochran
December 2022
This work seeks to catalogue a summary of the process-structure-property-performance (PSPP) relationships present in deposits of Cold-Spray-Additively-Manufactured (CSAM) Aluminum alloy 6061 (Al 6061). The deposition efficiency, or the success with which material is deposited as to receive bonding meeting recognized standards of testing, of CSAM Al 6061 deposits depends upon process parameters and feedstock metrics, necessitating a summary of the development and advancements of the cold spray method, as well as property considerations when choosing feedstock powders. After summarizing the challenges of cold spray, a cursory review of the property balance afforded by Al 6061 reveals what makes the alloy such a desirable choice for CSAM deposits. This material/method combination results in a deposit boasting tighter tolerances than deposits built with most fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) methods with little oxides found within the build post-deposition comparatively. While cold spray can generate near-net components with high hardness, research is ongoing to better industrialize the technology, and the final portion of this work highlights current challenges facing the successful performance of CSAM Al 6061 components in variable load states and currently known methods for overcoming those challenges.
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Stainless Steel 316L and its Uses in Food and Beverage
Michael Strickland, Matthew Baldwin, and Levi Ray
December 2022
A common metal used in many manufacturing processes is 316L SS. It provides high corrosion resistance throughout its lifespan while maintaining its strength. To understand why 316L SS is commonly used in multiple fields such as medical, food and beverage, automotive, etc, this group is conducting a research project. The aim of this project is to research and learn the intricacies of stainless steel 316L and its applications in the food and beverage production industry. It will be shown how 316L stainless steel (SS) has high corrosion resistance properties due to its alloy composition and other aspects of its structure. Through a thorough dive into the material structure of 316L SS an understanding will hopefully be gained on the specialty that 316L provides for the challenges provided by the food and beverage industry applications. By the end of the report the uses of 316L SS will be shown and analyzed.
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Ti-5553 in Additive Manufacturing
Benjamin Leverett, Saul Fulmer, Seth Smith, and Lane Wilkinson
December 2022
The advancement of titanium alloys in recent years in complex manufacturing has led to countless possibilities. Through these advancements, titanium alloys such as Ti-553 have been developed and are excellent materials for additive manufacturing. “Additive manufacturing, often known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a process in which a part is built layer-by-layer and is a promising approach for creating components close to their final (net) shape” (Zhang, D., Qiu, D., Gibson, M.A. et al.). This process can create complex structures in a matter of minutes, without many lack-luster issues included in other processes. However, additive manufacturing does not include a simple process to increase grain size and it is an overall longer process. Titanium is a highly sought-after material because of its base unique characteristics. Titanium has high strength, low weight, high melting point, and “has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element” (Ulbrich, 2022).
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TWIP Steel
Patrick Koch, Kennedy Seelbach, Johnathan Gallo, and Jackson Laughery
December 2022
Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are a newer type of steel processing, known as advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), that have been designed to meet versatile mechanical properties. In this video, we briefly go over the processing, structure, properties, and performance of TWIP steel.
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3XX Aluminum Alloys for ICE Implementation
Kyle A. Taylor, Eric Cleckner, and Jeffery Garrett
December 2021
The material to be explored for the purpose of this project relates to the Aluminum alloys used in the majority of modern engine “heads” and a number of engine “blocks”. The Aluminum used for these engine applications vary slightly across different manufacturers in their processing, structure and ultimate properties, despite their nearly identical performance applications. Part of the interest in this particular subject is the slight variations across manufacturing that result in different performance. Regardless of idiosyncrasies, these Al alloys are expected to perform under varying temperatures, with the ability to elastically deform and return to their original shape. They also must be able to handle high internal stress and vibrations.
The application of this material is straightforward, as the ultimate performance is what drives a top-down analysis of this material. While it is widely used in the automotive industry, it is worth noting that it is primarily used in smaller vehicles. It is more common for large engines with high displacements, especially in trucks, to have engine components made of cast iron material.
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Al 6061 Alloy
Will McKelvey, Evan Robertson, and Justin Yates
December 2021
We want to portray the Al 6061 manufacturing and machining processes and how these affect the mechanical properties of the material. We also want to portray the strength and weaknesses and the reasons why it is used in certain applications.
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A Look Into The Process, Structure, Properties, and Performance of Inconel 690
Reed McNeal, Patrick Camacho, Haley Petersen, and Mary Watson
December 2021
Inconel 690 (Alloy 690) is a high-chromium nickel super alloy. This alloy is used in many ways, mostly in a setting where corrosion is a concern. The alloy is very resistant to corrosion in an aqueous media as well as a high temperature atmosphere. This report will identify the structure and properties of Inconel 690 to determine the reliability and durability in an extreme setting.
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Analysis of Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V
Hunter C. Smith and Gordin Smith
December 2021
Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V was chosen for examination, more specifically, the Properties and Performance of the alloy. The students will share the responsibility of examining the attributes of the material. The team members participate evenly in performing research, producing calculations, and constructing the final report. Contained herein is the information gathered through research conducted thus far.
The performance of the material will be related to the processing methods of the material. This relationship forms the basis of cost analysis. The students will examine the atomic characteristics and crystalline structure to determine the effects of the alloyed materials on properties such as yield strength and strain. The alloy is to be compared to similar materials (alloys; pure titanium) to determine the influence of the specific interstitial elements on the properties of the material. The selected alloy is used in multiple industries and applications due to its innate properties, performance, and the cost to benefit ratio. The cost of titanium increases production cost versus traditional steels, but titanium’s strength and weight reduction make it more appealing in high performance applications. Industries that both use and benefit from this alloy include the following: aerospace, marine, power generation, offshore oil, and medical. In the aerospace field, titanium alloys offer lighter weight alternatives to steel alloys, and this titanium alloy is often used alongside steel alloys without the fear of galvanic corrosion from elevated levels of dissimilarity. The alloy is also beneficial in the marine and offshore oil industries due to its corrosion resistance; the alloy does not react significantly with salt water and therefore will last vastly longer in these applications compared to steel. This property stems from the tendency of titanium, and aluminum, to form a thin coating of its own oxides as a protective layer against further corrosion. Corrosion rates of Ti-6Al-4V for specific applications appear in Figure 1. In the power generation industry, power turbines cycle for extended periods of time under considerable loads; therefore, titanium’s fatigue resistance and low thermal conductivity provide strength and longevity in common steam turbine blades. Innovative prostheses use titanium as a lightweight framework capable of resisting cyclic loading induced by everyday motion. Due to its high performance and “corrosion proof” properties, the material is bio-compatible, meaning that it can be used in the human body with no adverse effects; it has an innate ability to join with human bone. Some other medical implementations include the following: spinal fusion cages, maxi-facial prosthetics, pins, screws, bone plates, rods, wire, expandable rib cages, posts, and finger and toe replacements. This research provides students with a greater understanding of titanium’s uses under engineering considerations in industrial applications in accordance with the principles learned in Mechanical Metallurgy at Mississippi State University.
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An Analysis of the Effects of Process, Structure, and Properties on the Performance of the Ti6Al4V Alloy
Brad Jay Sampson and Loubna Ifqir
December 2021
Ti6Al4V (pronounced Ti-64), is a titanium alloy used in a variety of engineering applications including the aerospace, automotive, and biomedical industries. Ti6Al4V is made up of a combined ɑ-β microstructure, which provides it with many valuable properties such as high strength, low weight, high melting point, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. [1] For years, casting and forging have been the traditional processes used for the manufacturing of Ti6Al4V components, but recent interest in the additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V through the Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), and Directed Energy Deposition (DED) methods has been gained. The goal of this paper is to provide each author and reader with an understanding of the Ti6Al4V alloy, by encompassing the characteristics of Ti6Al4V into a process-structure-property-performance (PSPP) map. This will be accomplished by reviewing a growing body of literature related to Ti6Al4V. Also, a comparative analysis of the traditional manufacturing and additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V will be performed, while exploring the benefits and limitations of both.
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AR400 Wear Plates
Jase Tatum, Bryson Miller, John Howell, and Aaron Alexander
December 2021
Wear resistance is an invaluable performance metric for most metallic components found in mechanical systems. Our research focused on AR400, a steel alloy known for its wear resistance capabilities, in an effort to determine what factors might be attributed to its performance in wear applications. After establishing the processing techniques and resulting material structures that give AR400 such an edge in extreme wear conditions, our goal is to determine indicators of wear resistance that can be used to distinguish excellent wear resistant alloys from average or subpar performers against wear.
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A Survey of Stainless Steel in Medical and Surgical Application
Noah Slack and Clint Balch
December 2021
Stainless steels can be separated into four families based on the microstructure of the material: Austenitic, Ferritic, Martensitic, and Duplex. Each family provides a specific set of advantages and disadvantages, and material selection should be based on the specific application the material will be used for. For this study, the processing, microstructure, and performance of the four families of stainless steels will be compared in the context of medical device applications. The most important factors in medical device materials are biocompatibility, surface properties, mechanical properties and life span/corrosion resistance. This study will focus on medical devices that will be permanently implanted inside the human body.
Each of these properties is dictated by the microstructure, which can be controlled by element composition and processing methods. For each family of SS, different processing methods will be compared. Heat treatment, cold finishing, solidification, homogenization, and quench rate will be studied and how different mechanical properties are affected. Once a clear overview of processing has been established, it will then be apparent how each processing method affects microstructure. The microstructure of each will be defined by: grain structure, atomic structure, crystalline structure and the chromium oxide surface layer. Perhaps the most practical component of the study, microstructure will allow us to predict mechanical properties that ultimately govern performance. The scope of the study being limited to implanted medical devices will ultimately influence which material is best. Wear resistance, cost, resistance to fatigue failure, etc. are all important factors. Based on potential performance of each alloy, 316L was chosen as the focus. 316L will be examined using the PSPP method and its potential use in the medical field will be discussed. To demonstrate the effect that different properties will have on the performance of a product, four sample parts made of each of different alloys will be compared using digital FEA via Creo parametric. This will reveal stress profiles and the difference in reaction between the families.
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Construction of a PSPP Map of Stainless-Steel Alloy Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing
Ihab Moutawakil and abdelmounem boukraa
December 2021
A Processing-Structure-Properties-Performance (PSPP) map simply summarizes knowledge on the behavior of a given materials system. This is a helpful tool that may successfully serve as a standard means of communication on the physical and chemical mechanisms that regulate the performance of a materials system, as well as guidance on the sort of data necessary to correctly characterize that materials system as a whole. This article provides a literature review of how stainless-steel properties are affected by different treatment techniques in addition to a step-by-step methodology for creating a map for any materials system and then uses data regarding these methods to construct a map for a stainless steel produced via additive manufacturing
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Design of Process-Structure-Property-Performance Road Map of Titanium Alloy Constructed using additive Manufacturing
othmane omalek and anas rochdi
December 2021
This article provides critical data concerning a system’s approach that incorporates processing, structure, property, and performance (PSPP) linkages applied on titanium materials. To acquire basic insights and knowledge of materials behavior, we need to build reasonable (PSPP) connections. This article will help gather data for any materials system to create the PSPP map and then uses those techniques to create a map for a Titanium made with additive manufacturing. In addition, it explains the current methods, techniques, and equipment used in a variety of structure treatment of titanium materials, as well as the processing concerns and precautions that apply. The metallurgical background showing the principles used in titanium treatment is also discussed, with respect to alloy classifications, and structures. Designers will be able to modify process parameters and understand the impact on performance using this integrated approach, allowing for design and optimization of these highly visible manufacturing processes.
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Development of PSPP Map for Stainless Steel Alloys Used in a Marine Environment
Jarrett D. Hawkins
December 2021
A process-structure-properties-performance map will be created for these alloys focusing on the modification of the structure or composition and outlining the processes required and the affected properties. A thorough review of different chemical alloys, grain refining methods, and grain boundary compositions for several alloys and their corresponding property effects. Also plan to review material treatment processes and standard refining methods for stainless steels. The performance of these metals will be evaluated for property requirements in regards to strength, toughness, with an emphasis on corrosion resistance.
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Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 in the Pulp and Paper Industry
Charlie S. Wilcher and Trevor Davus
December 2021
Duplex stainless steel’s durability, formability, and resistance to corrosion make it the primary steel option of the pulp and paper industry. The harsh environments found in certain aspects of this industry, such as in bleach plants, digesters, liquor vessels, and any piping where corrosive liquids may be passed, require the previously mentioned properties that duplex stainless steel 2205 offer. The structure and properties of duplex stainless steel, as well as the processes it undergoes, allow for it to withstand these environments. Research into the structure and properties of duplex stainless steel and the processes it undergoes will indicate how duplex stainless steel 2205 is not only the best option for the pulp and paper industry, but also how it enhances the industry’s abilities.
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Investigating Cobalt Chrome Alloy For Use In Biomedical Applications
Morgan Calhoun and Caitlin Cade
December 2021
Cobalt Chrome alloys, in particular cast Co-Cr ASTM-F75, are often used as the material for medical implants due to a combination of material properties: high strength, stiffness, temperature endurance, and wear / corrosion resistance. We aim to demonstrate and discuss what characteristics make it such a desirable material in the production of metallic biomedical implants
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O1 Tool Steel Presentation
Albert R. Nicholson, Jake Clemens, Spencer Shumate, and Adam Cooper
December 2021
Presentation Powerpoint regarding details of O1 Tool Steel
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The Process-Structure-Property-Performance of AISI 1020
Jonathan Wellman, Tate James, Robbie Christman, and Brian Broom
December 2021
AISI 1020 is widely used in many different industries due to its high strength, high ductility, high machinability, and good weldability. AISI 1020 has a number of applications. Low carbon steel can be used on a macroscale to build bridges, and low carbon steel can be used on smaller scales such as Lawnmower blades. Low carbon steel is the material of choice for lawn mower blades because of its ability to bend before it breaks. The ductile attribute of low carbon steel also has many other benefits.
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Ti-6Al-7Nb Utilization in Surgical Implants
Michael O. Fleming
December 2021
This presentation discusses the processing, structure, properties, and performance of Ti-6Al-7Nb in relation to use as a surgical implant.
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Titanium Ti-6Al-4V
James Aaras Ross Brundege
December 2021
Titanium alloys, such as Ti-6A1-4V, used as biomaterials possess great characteristics compared to other alloys such as stainless steel alloys. Characteristics such as biocompatibility, enhanced corrosion, strain, and fatigue resistance provide amazing benefits from these alloys. Providing an understanding of Ti used in biomedical applications and production can provide insight into its benefits and limitations as well as the areas of potential improvement for future study.
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Tungsten: The Strongest Natural Metal on Earth
Haley E. Holland, Razan Khadka, Lee Marble, and Kaleb Tutor
December 2021
The overall objective of this project was to construct a process-structure-property-performance (PSPP) map for a chosen metallic material. The material chosen by the group is tungsten (W). Tungsten is a rare, naturally occurring element and is usually found in the form of ores. It is known predominantly for its ability to withstand extreme temperatures, as well as its high tensile strength. The PSPP map displays many specifications of tungsten in each of the four categories and further details regarding each specific linkage, or subcategory, within the map are written throughout the research paper.
Along with the four specific categories outlined by the PSPP, specific tungsten applications are also explained in detail. Each of the four group members compiled his or her own detailed description of said application in order to bring a real-world situation into the project.