Theses and Dissertations
Issuing Body
Mississippi State University
Advisor
Deborah K. Eakin
Committee Member
Gary L. Bradshaw
Committee Member
Jarrod Moss
Committee Member
Andrew Jarosz
Date of Degree
8-6-2021
Original embargo terms
Visible to MSU only for 1 year
Document Type
Dissertation - Open Access
Major
Applied Psychology (Cognitive Science concentration)
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)
College
College of Arts and Sciences
College
College of Arts and Sciences
Department
Department of Psychology
Department
Department of Psychology
Abstract
Older adults' ability to make accurate metamemory judgments indicates that aging spares metamemory (Eakin & Hertzog, 2006; 2012a; but see Souchay et al., 2006). However, age differences in metamemory accuracy for emotional information, particularly lists of positive and neutral words, indicate potential age-related impairment of metamemory (Tauber & Dunlosky, 2012; Flurry & Eakin, manuscript in preparation). These age differences may be explained by potential cue overshadowing effects (Price & Yates, 1993) in which older adults primarily used the salient cue, emotional valence, and overlooked additional cues that were diagnostic of memory. We hypothesized that age differences in metamemory for emotional words may be eliminated when older adults have a second salient and diagnostic cue to inform judgments of learning (JOLs). We manipulated multiple cues, emotional valence and endorsement (Craik & Tulving, 1975), using a category inclusion task in which participants responded "yes" or "no" to endorse positive words (e.g. "champion") or neutral words (e.g. "sphere") as category members (e.g. "is an achievement"). Age comparisons in free recall and JOL magnitude between levels of emotional valence (positive, neutral) and levels of endorsement (yes, no) indicate that both younger and older adults' JOL magnitudes responded to emotional valence and endorsement effects in which memory was higher for positive than neutral words, and "yes" versus "no" words. JOL accuracy results demonstrate that both age groups' JOLs were significantly accurate above chance within each level of valence and endorsement. Age comparisons in JOL accuracy suggest that including a second salient cue eliminated previously reported age differences in metamemory for positive and neutral words. These results demonstrate that older adults can use multiple cues to make accurate JOLs in the presence of a salient cue. This finding supports a conclusion that previously reported age differences in metamemory for emotional words can be attributed to cue overshadowing effects that diminished older adults' ability to use multiple cues. This conclusion has implications on the aging and metamemory literature such that additional age differences reported in episodic metamemory may also be attributed to conditions that hindered multiple cue use by older adults.
Recommended Citation
Flurry, Ethan, "Facilitating Multiple Cue Use Eliminates Age Differences in Episodic Metamemory for Emotional Words" (2021). Theses and Dissertations. 5210.
https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/5210