A Qualitative Examination of Precautionary Measures in a Virtual Reality Fear Environment

ORCID

May: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8275-6773

MSU Affiliation

College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Sociology; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems

Creation Date

2026-06-01

Abstract

Americans take a myriad of safety precautions each day to prevent victimization, a costly and often time-consuming practice. Most of what we know about precautionary measures comes from the fear of crime literature. Previous studies typically examine precautionary measures in relation to fear of crime and ask respondents about behaviors they engaged in or avoided retroactively. Our research team put precautionary measures at the forefront by creating a virtual reality (VR) subway station where 105 participants entered a subway station, selected items to take with them on a train and selected a bench to wait for their train. The items included traditional precautionary measures (pepper spray, knife) and everyday items (cell phone, book, headphones, car keys). We also placed VR characters on a bench and asked participants to select a bench near or far from the characters. Participants were asked to explain their decision-making process. We learned that individuals engaged in avoidance and protective behaviors and our results found the decision-making process in the selection of these measures were complex and unique. The results of our study can help public safety agencies design public spaces so that individuals feel safer in these spaces.

Publication Date

7-12-2024

Publication Title

American Journal of Criminal Justice

Publisher

Springer

First Page

745

Last Page

767

Rights

Copyright © 2024, Southern Criminal Justice Association

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Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-024-09770-y