Restless Legs Symptoms Increased During COVID-19 Pandemic. International ICOSS-Survey

Authors

• Eemil Partinen, University of Helsinki
• Yuichi Inoue, Tokyo Medical University
• Mariusz Sieminski, Medical University of Gdańsk
• Ilona Merikanto, University of Helsinki
• Bjørn Bjorvatn, Haukeland University Hospital
• Courtney J. Bolstad, Mississippi State University
• Frances Chung, University of Toronto
• Luigi De Gennaro, Sapienza University of Rome
• Colin A. Espie, University of Oxford
• Brigitte Holzinger, Medical University of Vienna
• Kentaro Matsui, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
• Sergio Mota-Rolim, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte
• Charles Morin, Laval University
• Michael R. Nadorff, Mississippi State University
• Thomas Penzel, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
• Giuseppe Plazzi, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia
• Y. K. Wing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
• Yves Dauvilliers, University of Montpellier
• Markku Partinen, University of Helsinki

ORCID

Partinen: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8407-9267; Bolstad: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2297-2778

MSU Affiliation

College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Psychology

Creation Date

2026-06-30

Abstract

Background and objectives: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been associated with anxiety, depression, insomnia, lifestyle factors and infections. We aimed to study the prevalence of symptoms of RLS during the COVID-19 pandemic versus pre-pandemic. We hypothesized that pre-existing RLS symptoms worsened and pandemic-related factors may have triggered new symptoms of RLS. Methods: Adults (≥18 years) from fifteen countries across four continents participated in an online survey between May and August 2020. The harmonized questionnaire included a validated single question on RLS with response alternatives from 1 to 5 on a scale from never to every/almost every evening or night. Other measures were the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), measures of symptoms of anxiety (GAD-2) and depression (PHQ-2), and questions on different pandemic-related factors. Results: Altogether, 17 846 subjects (63.8 % women) were included in the final analyses. The mean age was 41.4 years (SD 16.1). During the pandemic, symptoms of RLS (≥3 evenings/nights per week) were more common 9.1 % (95 % CI 8.7–10.1) compared to 5.4 % (95 % CI 4.9–6.0) before the pandemic (P < 0.0001). Alltogether 1.3 % (95 % CI 1.1–1.6) respondents had new-onset symptoms (≥3 evenings/nights per week). Moderate-severe insomnia was strongly associated with RLS symptoms. The occurrences of new-onset RLS symptoms were 5.6 % (95 % CI 0.9–13.0) for participants reporting COVID-19 and 1.1 % (95 % CI 0.7–1.5) for non-COVID-19 participants. In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, the occurrence of new-onset RLS symptoms was associated with younger age, social restrictions and insomnia severity. In a similar analysis, RLS symptoms (≥3 evenings/nights per week) were associated with lower education, financial hardship, sleep apnea symptoms, use of hypnotics, insomnia severity, symptoms of depression and possible post-traumatic stress disorder. Discussion: Our findings indicate that RLS symptoms were more common during the pandemic than before. Usually, the prevalence of RLS increases with age. However, during the pandemic, new-onset symptoms of RLS were more common in younger age groups. This may be due to the pandemic-related factors being more pronounced in the younger compared to the older. The association between insomnia, psychiatric symptoms and RLS warrants clinical attention.

Publication Date

5-20-2024

Publication Title

Sleep Medicine

Publisher

Elsevier

First Page

389

Last Page

398

Rights

© 2024 Elsevier B.V.

Recommended Citation

Partinen, E., Inoue, Y., Sieminski, M., Merikanto, I., Bjorvatn, B., Bolstad, C. J., Chung, F., De Gennaro, L., Espie, C. A., Holzinger, B., Matsui, K., Mota-Rolim, S., Morin, C., Nadorff, M. R., Penzel, T., Plazzi, G., Wing, Y. K., Dauvilliers, Y., & Partinen, M. (2024). Restless legs symptoms increased during COVID-19 pandemic. International ICOSS-survey. Sleep Medicine, 119, 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.016